A Gist
Key Points
• Flourished: 3300 BCE - 1300 BCE (Mature Phase: 2600 BCE - 1900 BCE)
• Location: Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan, northwest India, and Afghanistan)
• Known for: Well-planned cities with advanced brick architecture, drainage systems, and sanitation.
• Society: Complex social structure with artisans, farmers, merchants, and possibly rulers.
• Trade: Extensive trade network connecting to Mesopotamia and beyond.
• Writing System: Undeciphered script with over 400 symbols, hindering deeper understanding of their
culture and beliefs.
• Decline: The reasons for their decline remain unclear, with possibilities like climate change,
natural disasters, or social changes being explored.
Interesting Aspects
• Advanced Urban Planning: The IVC cities boasted grid-like layouts, multi-story houses, and
sophisticated water management systems, showcasing remarkable engineering skills.
• Seals and Figurines: Engraved seals depicting animals and geometric patterns, along with
terracotta figurines, offer hints about their beliefs and artistic expressions.
• Undeciphered Script: The lack of a deciphered script shrouds much of their daily lives, customs, and
governance in mystery, fueling continuous research and debate.
Significance
The IVC stands as a testament to the early ingenuity and development of urban civilization in South Asia.
It played a crucial role in shaping the cultural landscape of the region and continues to fascinate
archaeologists and historians with its unsolved mysteries.